Essay on The Right to Same Sex Marriage - 1590 Words

Same sex marriage is a highly controversial topic that has been lingering in America for some time now. The American society prides itself in the provision of equal rights and opportunities to all, yet, homosexuals continue to be discriminated against and denied their rights to marriage. It is often believe that â€Å"marriage is a commitment between two people that love each other and want to share the rest of their life side by side. It is not measured by whether it is a man and a woman, or a couple of the same sex. It is measured by how much a couple loves each other and cares for each other.†(Cheney, 2009) Looking at that definition of marriage, there should never be any reason to deny two people that love each other the right to legally†¦show more content†¦However, as today’s society starts being more accepting to homosexuality, people will be more welcoming to homosexuality and then their communities will be less discriminatory and the argument of deteri orating the marriage institution will be meaningless. . â€Å"The problem with gay marriage, some opponents say, is that it will harm the society. This is a legitimate concern, and one that needs to be addressed. Marriage has played a very important role in society and it is a valuable institution. So in what way will gay marriage destroy heterosexual marriage or prevent it from continuing to function? Will it destroy the institution of marriage itself? Aside from the fact that whether or not a homosexual couple gets married has no impact whatsoever on any actual heterosexual marriage, there conceivably might be some negative repercussions. Opponents argue that gay marriage will devalue marriage itself. Aside from the questionable, and obviously homophobic, implication, it will undermine marriage because gays will make a mockery of it, supposedly because they are gay, this is implausible. It has been argued that gays want marriage rights because they value the institution and want in on it. Andrew Sullivan is clear on this point whenev er he raises the issue. Any devaluation would stem from bigotry on the part of heterosexuals, that is, their unduly judging gay marriagesShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of Same Sex Marriage1582 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Marriage Protection Amendment, Proposition 102 was placed on the ballot and passed by Arizona voters in 2008, amending the state’s Constitution which defined the traditional sense of marriage between a man and a woman. However, on October 17, 2014, a federal judge disagreed with voters and overruled Prop 102, claiming that the ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Not long after the decision Attorney General Tom Horne stated that there would be no appeal and same-sex marriages wouldRead MoreAre Same Sex Marriages Right?518 Words   |  2 PagesAre same sex marriages right? Same sex marriage is allowable because everyone deserves to make their own decisions and choose the life they want. Every day there are people getting married and joining as partners to have a life together. So I say every person should do what their happiness is and if that falls under straight marriage or gay marriage then it should be socially acceptable. Same sex marriage is one of the top most controversional debates in politics currently because the United StatesRead MoreThe Rights Of Same Sex Marriages Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst same sex marriages. They believe marriage is a God ordained, legal, and moral commitment between a natural man and a natural woman. They’re totally against homosexuality, which they believe is a chosen behavior and it shouldn’t be accepted. They oppose monitoring gun ownership, taxation and regulations of guns and they want to eliminate all gun free zones. Republicans are pro-life, meaning they’re against abortions. s o they want to abolish abortions, because even the unborn has the right to lifeRead MoreThe Right : Same Sex Marriage1888 Words   |  8 PagesShay Cramblitt Andrea Colman English 03-28-15 The Right Same sex marriage is a topic today that brings strong moral objections from both sides. Should same sex marriage be allowed? Should these humans be given the same rights in their relationship as heterosexual couples? Why restricted these citizens from their right just because of their love interest? Should we take certain customs away from foreigners just because it’s not customs we perform? The United States is a land of the free notRead MoreThe Rights Of Same Sex Marriage1821 Words   |  8 Pagesand rights for LGB individuals in today’s America is not yet over and how religious extremist groups can contribute to the obstruction of said equality On June twenty-sixth same sex marriage was made legal by the supreme court. This ruling lead to justified celebration by many Americans. However, it is important to understand and work towards getting rid of prejudice that many lgb persons still plaguing their lives. Although many Americans hold the belief that the legalization of same sex marriageRead MoreGay Marriage And The Right Of Same Sex Marriage1387 Words   |  6 Pagescommunal controversy regarding the right of same-sex marriage. I decided to explore the views of two different authors who contrast each other. British Author, Andrew Sullivan writes the essay, â€Å"For Gay Marriage† about equal rights on marriages for same-sex couples. William J. Bennett composes the essay, â€Å"Against Gay Marriage† giving his views on why couples of the same sex should not be allowed to engage in marital relations. Sullivan supports the idea of gay marriages while Bennett opposes the ideaRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage: A Human Right912 Words   |  4 PagesDespite this, same-sex marriage is only legalized in seventeen out of fifty states, as well as the District of Columbia (Freedom to Marry). In thirty-three states, the government has decided that it has the power to intervene in who its citizens want to marry and love, as if they could decide our friends and family. Though the question is often â€Å"Why should same-sex marriage be legalized?† no one seems to wonder â€Å"Why should I, or anyone else, have the power to choose who marries who?† Same-sex needs toRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is A Fundamental Right870 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, held that same-sex marriage is a fundamental right guaranteed by the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In consequence, many new legal implications have arose from this decision. For example, now there’ll be same-sex divorces, same-sex spousal rights for life insurance, wills, and the like. What does this all mean legally for same-sex couples? As time progresses, it will become clearer howRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is Right Or Wrong?979 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent years, the topic of whether same-sex marriage is right or wrong has created a controversy. People should not feel coerced to agree with something they believe is wrong; clearly, same-sex marriage is immoral and unnatural. Many complications come with same-sex marriages including financial pressures, social pressures, moral pressures, and health risks. Many people believe in a traditional marriage between a man and a woman. God created man and woman to be faithful, produce children, andRead MoreSame Sex Marriage And Equal Rights Essay2005 Words   |  9 PagesBefore the issue of same-sex marriage and equal rights are approached, marriage must be defined. Marriage is a consensual, exclusive and lifelong commitment between one man and one woman, expressed in a physical union uniquely designed to produce and nurture children (Same-Sex Marriage Public Policy Statement, 2016). Marriage is both ubiquitous and central. All across our country, in every region, every social class, every race and ethnicity, every religion or non-religion, people get married.

The Culturally Proficient Professional An Observation Of...

The Culturally Proficient Professional: An Observation of a Leader in the Workplace Leader: Principal in a MS District Description of the Work Environment: This is a leader of a particular school in the Jackson Public School District. The leader came to the school when it was considered† minimum† but the district was failing. The faculty consisted of mostly Christians; however, there was one Panamanian female who was catholic and taught Spanish. The rest of the faculty consisted of mostly of African -Americans Christians and a few Caucasians Christians. The faculty contained mostly women with 15 men included and about 40% had less than five years of experience. The majority of the students are African-Americans. There were a significantly small number of Hispanic students and their parents were bilingual. Assess Culture The leader is an African American female from Jackson, Mississippi. She was born and raised in the city of Jackson and received her educational degrees from a Mississippi Institution. She stayed in the area of Jackson to continue to motivate and build a stronger school district. This professional was very aware of her own culture because she expressed it in a multitude of ways. She was very active in the church; she attends as well as the community. She held various after school activities that involved all of the community to attend like PTA meetings, Pep Rallies, School Picnics, Parties, Prayers meetings, etc†¦ She also likes to involve her staff toShow MoreRelatedCross-Cultural Training and Pre-Departure Training Essay2261 Words   |  10 Pagescross-cultural is very relevant to ensuring organizations success in this recession driven economy. In order for organizations to grow they must be able to adapt to the countries which hold the world’s purse stri ngs. For human resources managers to be proficient in the role of a global human resources manager, it would be better to learn early in a career. The knowledge of being flexible in the position of a human resources manager is essential in establishing a global company’s rules, regulations, andRead MoreEssay on Hispanic Struggles in American Schools3861 Words   |  16 Pagesensuring that all students achieve mastery in reading and math. It is imperative that schools understand the challenges Hispanics face in order to meet their needs. Keywords: dual language learners, English language learners, limited-English proficient students Challenges Faced by Hispanic Youth in American Schools and Schools Responsibilities to Addressing Identified Needs The Hispanic population continues to grow and exceed other races and nationalities of people in the United StatesRead MoreWhat Is Leadership Research Paper1797 Words   |  8 Pagesdemocracy is bounded by the constitution. Leaders impacts a social influence in which one person can rejoin the scullion and sponsorship of others in the accomplishment of a specific duty. Who makes a good leader; someone who is feared or loved? Research concludes leader ship and the trait theory that leads a commander to have authority over society or a social issue. The act of intimidation from fear leaders makes society compile to obedience. Good leaders imply their code of ethics when facing aRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5213 Words   |  21 PagesOverview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the module for more in-depth treatment of the foundations of qualitative research. This module covers the following topics:Read MoreQualitative Research Methods5198 Words   |  21 PagesM I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the module for more in-depth treatment of the foundations of qualitative research. This module covers the following topics:Read MoreHow The Unprofessional Practice Affects Patient Care And Nurses Professional Image2063 Words   |  9 Pagesoverwhelmingly complicated. Professional nursing is a fundamental component of health care, as patients and families view nurses as the foremost caring and trusted member of the multidisciplinary team (Van Wagoner, 2016). Unprofessional practice creates a threat to patient safety and can impact of patients feeling unsafe physiologically, psychologically and culturally (Disruptive and unprofessional behavior, 2014). This paper will firstly analyse the video â€Å"Crossing Professional Boundaries as a RegisteredRead MoreEnglish Language Learners7210 Words   |  29 Pageswhere another language was primarily spoken at home. These students, who may not speak English at all or, at least, do not speak, understand, and write English with the same facility as their classmates, are commonly referred to as limited English proficient (LEP) or English language learner (ELL) students. If, in the past, you taught only native English-speaking students but now have some ELL students in your classroom, then you have joined a growing number of teachers who can no longer take forRead MoreDual Language4991 Words   |  20 PagesLanguage Guadalupe Silva Lakeland College Table of Contents Abstract 2 Features of Dual Language Education Programs 4 Assessment and Accountability 6 Curriculum 6 Instruction 7 Staff Quality 10 Professional Development 12 Program Structure 14 Family and Community 16 Support and Resources 17 Conclusion 18 References 20 Abstract What is Dual language? Dual language is a form of bilingual educationRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pagesfor Hospitals Introduction TABLE 1: Joint Commission Efforts—Past and Present 2003 In2003,TheJointCommissionconductedagapanalysisofitsaccreditationstandardsincomparisontotheOffice ofMinorityHealth’sNational Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)[10].The resultsindicatedthatalthoughthereweremanyJointCommissionstandardsthataddressedtheissueshighlighted intheCLASstandards,therequirementswerelessprescriptive.CurrentJointCommissionstandardscanbefoundRead MoreHigh School Student Essay20272 Words   |  82 PagesStudents Chapter 4 Changes in American Society: Their Influences on Today’s Schools ISBN: 0-536-29980-3 Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, Second Edition, by Donald Kauchak and Paul Eggen Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright  © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 0-536-29980-3 Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, Second Edition, by Donald Kauchak and Paul Eggen Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright  © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learner

Thesis on Social Security Free Essays

Social Security was a good idea but somewhere along the way it was not thought out to last. The Social Security Act was signed in to law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis on Social Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now It included several provisions for general welfare and created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement. There two major provisions related to the elderly, Title I- Grants to States for Old-Age Assistance, which supported state welfare programs for the aged, and Title II-Federal Old-Age Benefits.It was Title II that was the new social insurance program we now think of as Social Security. In the original Act benefits were to be paid only to the primary worker when he/she retired at age 65. Benefits were to be based on payroll tax contributions that the worker made during his/her working life. Payment of monthly Social Security benefits began in January 1940, and were authorized not only for aged retired workers but for their aged wives or widows, children under age 18, and surviving aged parents.The first monthly retirement check was issued on January 31, 1940 to a lady by the name of Ida May Fuller  of Ludlow, Vermont, in the amount of $22. 54. Miss Fuller, a Legal Secretary, retired in November 1939. She started collecting benefits in January 1940 at age 65 and lived to be 100 years old, dying in 1975. (http://www. ssa. gov/history/briefhistory3. html) Over the years there were many changes to the original Social Security Act (SSA). One of these changes happened in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. The SSA became responsible for a new program, Supplemental Security Income (SSI).In the original 1935 Social Security Act, programs were introduced for needy aged and blind individuals and, in 1950, needy disabled individuals were added. These three programs were known as the â€Å"adult categories† and were administered by State and local governments with partial Federal funding. Over the years, the State programs became more complex and inconsistent, with as many as 1,350 administrative agencies involved and payments varying more than 300% from State to State. (http://www. ssa. gov/history/briefhistory3. html) From its modest beginnings, Social Security has grown to become an essential facet of modern life.One in seven Americans receives a Social Security benefit, and more than 90 percent of all workers are in jobs covered by Social Security. From 1940, when slightly more than 222,000 people received monthly Social Security benefits, until today, when over 50 million people receive such benefits, Social Security has grown steadily. The SSI program has grown as well from its inception in 1974. In 2008 it was estimated that 50,898,244 Americans received $615,344,000,000 in Social Security and nearly 7,520,501 Americans received $43,040,000,000 in SSI benefits. ( gov/history/briefhistory3.html†http://www. ssa. gov/history/briefhistory3. html) How to cite Thesis on Social Security, Papers

Foundations of Bible Based Christ Worldview for Holy Trinity

Question: Write about theFoundations of Bible Based Christ Worldview for Holy Trinity. Answer: Description The main topic of description in this book is the fact how much the God loves the human beings. It is a known thing that the human beings are considered as the children of God and God created them in His own image. In this context, it can be said that the God is the father of all the human beings. Therefore, he has to play the role of a proper father as he takes care of all the children and protects them from all the evils. God is considered to be a part of the Holy Trinity in the Christianity (Noble, 2013). The book talks about the great painting of Stedelijk Museum that is titled as Man, but it is to be countered that the original name of the painting of Karel Apples work was My Father. Generally, the human beings see God as a loving father and bestow utmost love and respect for Him. It is believed by the human beings that the God is an impersonal being who is very hard to be seen or known by a human being personally (Bass, 2012). Sunday is considered to be the day for the mass prayer of God in the churches and everyone prays to Him seriously for their well-being and the peace in the entire world. In this book a new point has been added to look at the God. Most of the people desire to build a strong relationship with Him but it all goes in vain as He cannot be seen by the human beings (Borg Wright, 2014). This book tells that the God has created in His image but in a smaller scale than His. The message of God is love all the fellow human beings but not to hate them and engage them in hating and killing each other. The earth is the creation of the God and He sent the human beings into earth to protect His creation (Milne, 2012). The true father of human beings God had sent the human beings to spread love and respect all over but the selfishness of the human beings has prevented the human beings from being that kind of beings. God has always cared for the human beings and gave them all sorts of freedom that they can expect. The selfishness is an evil that has restricted the human beings from doing the common good for the human society (Kastenbaum, 2015). The book depicts the things why the people in this world always fall into sins. However, this book is not properly addressed to sexuality but discusses the fact that human beings have to manage themselves before conducting anything. After reading this book, it can be said that God is very much affectionate for the human beings since as well as His Son, Jesus Christ (Kasper, 2012). One of the most reasons for the committing of sin is the grief among the human beings. The author has again and again put focus on the sorrows of the human beings and said that these sorrows can be easily healed by God (Noble, 2013). Analysis In this purpose, the purpose is to analyze the different themes of the book. The main things that the book deals with are the sinfulness of the human beings and the healing power of the God. It has been believed that the emotional wounds that the children suffer in their childhood. This becomes a big barrier for them in order to understand the power of God and His benevolence (Johnson, 2015). He indeed takes care of all His children but some have experienced the contrary things. This has become a hollow place in their lives. In the times of remembering God, many people call Him to be the God but some people hesitate to call Him so because He is invisible and those human beings cannot see Him. This would be very much embarrassing for the human beings because they feel uncomfortable for the human beings to call someone father whom they even cannot see (Johnson, 2015). In Bible, it has been depicted and said that God has given the human beings the power to call the people to be His children who have believed in Him and believed that He has all the powers to control the activities of the human beings (Fee Stuart, 2014). The children of God must believe that Jesus came into this earth as the son of God and he was crucified by the betrayers and then he was resurrected. This incident proves that Jesus was resurrected to free the mankind of their sins. The broken spirit of the human beings has resisted themselves from fully believing the existence of God. Any person who has been brought up in his home and family as a forgotten one and the most ignored one, gets a feeling that he is no longer needed in this world. Thus he also believes that no good can be done to him in this context. So, he becomes desolate and tries to find the way to escape from this earthly creation of God (Edwards, 2014). Then comes the turn of God to save him from this static condi tion and give him a proper life to lead and escape from life is not a proper way to end the miseries. A person who has been tortured by his or her father from childhood starts to become afraid of the father and does not respond to the father in a proper way. This is where the emotional wounds or the broken spirit comes into play. The stories of Michal, David and others have revealed the fact that the human beings must not be engaged in committing selfish acts just because they had been victims of the same. Jesus has described the God to be merciful, compassionate, kind, forgiving and a loving father (Talbott, 2014). This is why God never disappoints any of His followers; rather he embraces each of them by forgiving their sins and led them to the way of salvation (Parton, 2015). Jesus was believed to be God in the form of a human being. The story that is narrated in the book about the Jewish children, whose mothers wanted that Jesus should bless their children, puts forth the belief that Jesus has always taken care of His children, either invisibly or in the form of a human being as w ell. Personal reflection In this segment, I would like to venture my points of view about the topic of the book. As the topic of the book goes about the relevance of God as a loving father, I must say that God exists and He takes care of all His children in a positive way. He may take tests of patience and endurance of His followers and He wants to see how they behave in the cases of complexity. I think this will be very much justified for the followers of God to pass through this endurance test. I have read the book thoroughly enough to understand that the God is very much benevolent and looks after all the miseries of the human beings and tries to solve them. His aim is to drive the activities of the human beings in such a way that they can attain salvation. Jesus was believed to be the God himself as well as the Son of God. The incidents that he came up with prove that his heart was filled with pity and compassion. As the Jewish people hated the Samaritans, Jesus spoke to a Jewish woman who was thought to be the despicable person. I think through this act of kindness, God sent his message that He cares for every human being. I have also read examples from the Bible where Jesus has spread His love throughout the world. This works as the evidence for the God to shower His blessings and sympathy for all of the human beings in the same manner. The treatment of Jesus to the Samaritan woman has reflected us the way in which we never thought of seeing God. The benevolence of God has been reflected in the way god has been represented in this story. I believe God has kept some positive things for each and everyone in this world. Those positive points have to be found out by committing good deeds and not committing any sins. The sinfulness of the human beings leads them towards damnation. The human beings have to do the best things by the virtue of which they will be relieved of their sins. They must get rid of their evil intentions in real time and get indulged in doing well for the entire humanity. I think the human beings begin their lives as the little children who are entirely dependent on the others. This dependence shoves away slowly as they get matured and get adults. I believe that God designed the lives of the human beings in a way that the little children should grow up and feel the love of their fathers. This fact will be reflected as they begin to blessings of love from God by getting good results in the works they undertake. I should conclude this paper by saying that God is benevolent and takes care of all His children. References Bass, D. B. (2012). Christianity After Religion.San Francisco. Borg, M. J., Wright, N. T. (2014).The Meaning of Jesus. HarperCollins e-Books. Edwards, D. (2014).Breath of life: A theology of the Creator Spirit. Orbis Books. Fee, G. D., Stuart, D. (2014).How to read the Bible for all its worth. Zondervan. Johnson, E. A. (2015).Abounding in Kindness: Writings for the People of God. Orbis Books. Kasper, W. (2012).The God of Jesus Christ: New Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing. Kastenbaum, R. (2015).Death, society, and human experience. Routledge. McClung, F. (2004).The father heart of God. Harvest House Publishers. Milne, B. (2012).Know the truth: A handbook of Christian belief. intervarsity press. Noble, T. A. (2013).Holy Trinity: Holy people: the theology of Christian perfecting. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Parton, K. (2015).Salvation Damnation. Lulu. com. Reynolds, N. (2015). Discourses of love, compassion, and belonging: Reframing Christianity for a secular audience.Journal of Contemporary Religion,30(1), 39-54. Talbott, T. (2014).The Inescapable Love of God. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

First Kiss Essays - 9, The Naughtiest Girl Is A Monitor,

First Kiss Linda, why don't you meet your boy friend today? Oh, Amy, Are you crazy? Meeting a jerk like him right before my birth day is like a nightmare. But still It's your 20th birth day. Why don't you just call him then? My boy friend, John, he has been acting like a jerk since when we were young. He always forgets my birth day and to save money, he didn't buy me a music tape but always recorded the songs with his own voice. One day, he said that he is going to give me present that is really sexy. His offer was good enough to make me feel so happy. I've never thought that he would buy me a present like that. But as soon as I opened the box, once again, I realized that he was a real jerk. He bought me an underwear, which is way too big for me. How could you do this to me?, don't you even know how to make girls' happy?, do you think it looks sexy? Oh, I didn't know it would be too big for you, but you know what?, I think baggy is sexy. Promise me to show yourself with that underwear on later, ok? Haha~ Even though he's a jerk like that, I had to call him. Being with a jerk is better than being alone on my birthday. Hello? It's me Who? Who's this? Gosh, it's me Linda! Oh, you should have told me your name before. Anyway, why did you call me? Do you want to go to the movies if you have time? No! Why? I don't want to spend money on watching a movie. Ok, I'll pay for you. Now, happy? Ok, I will see you at the theatre at 2:00 I asked my sister for some money and went out to meet that jerk. Linda~~! He was walking toward me with smile. If he wasn't smiling, I would have almost punched his face. I bought two tickets. What kind of a guy asks a girl to pay? Stupid jerk. We had some time because the movie starts at 3:30 and suddenly he suggested an idea to kill some time. Linda, do you want to play a game? From now to 3:00, I will hook up a girl, and you hook up a boy, and whoever hooks up faster will get both of the tickets. What do you think of my idea? I didn't even answer tha t question and took him to a coffee shop and killed stayed there until the movie starts and we headed to the theatre. Linda, do you want to get some popcorn? Yes! I was so happy. Then go and get some popcorn. Oh, don't forget to buy a drink! That's what I just expected. It's impossible for him to have money and even though he has money, he's not that kind of person who would spend money on girls. The movie was sad enough to make me sob. Suddenly, I heard a loud noise. John was crying very loudly. Because he was crying so hard and loud, people started to laugh at him. So at the saddest point is the movie, people was laughing instead of sobbing. After we watched the movie, he asked me to play a pool with him. Oh, god, he will probably ask me to pay again but I couldn't say no. At the billiards, I saw this pretty girl, saying hello to John with a very big smile. I was so nervous. How could a girl like that say hello to John? I couldn't understand it. How is uncle doing?, John asked her . Of course! How about aunt? Is she doing ok? My parents are not home. They went on a trip. They were cousins. That explains why she was saying hello to him with a big smile on her face. After we played the pool, I asked him to go to a karaoke bar. Linda, are you gonna pay for me? Oh, god. Don't you even have some money to spend on your girl friend? Don't you want to spend some money on me? Damn it. Ok, I will pay for you.

Kurdish Nationalism versus Turkish Nationalism

Kurdish Nationalism versus Turkish Nationalism Free Online Research Papers According to Sumerian inscriptions of 2000B.C and Assyrian inscriptions, Kardaka, Kurtie or Guti in the neighborhood of Lake Van are the ancestors of modern Kurds. The first the modern name of ‘Kurd† was seen in Arabic writings of ninth century A.D with the plural from of ‘Akad’. Kurdish territory had been invaded by different civilizations like Caucasian, pre-Iranian and around 700 B.C Iranian elements were effective, and Kurds had been in struggle with them to protect their territorial unity. â€Å"The modern Kurds are therefore descendants of several ancient peoples, mainly Iranian. They include Caucasian strains in the north and some Semitic strains in the south. They are, however, bound together, by a purely Kurdish influence which probably derives from the original mountain tribes which have inhabited these regions from earliest times† (The Kurdish Question, W.G Elphinston, International Affairs(royal of International affairs 1994-), Vol.22,No.1(Jan,1946), Pg.92). In the seventh century, by the influence of the Islam in the southern part of Kurdish Mountains, Kurdish families began following their ancestry to early Arab heroes. They began working in the Arab armies as levies during Omayyad and Abbasid Caliphates terms. Until Kurdistan was a big conflict between the Turks and the Safavi dynasty of Iran, it had been ruled by different dynasties, Hassanawaih, during 959 to 979 A.D, Khorremabad and Sarmaj. Before the invasion of the Seljuk Turks, Diyarbakir and Urfa were ruled by Marwanids. However, without any sovereigns but different group of dynasties were not able to sustain Kurdish unity and Western part of Kurdistan became part of the Ottoman Empire and Eastern part became part of Iran. According to Adam Smith, there is two different ways of nationhood which take their origins from ethnie or ethnic community. According to him, Human beings have multiple identities. Thus, in prehistoric areas, the family, clan and settlement competed for their loyalty. He defines ethnie â€Å"communities that not only share certain myths of origin and descent, the association with a certain territory and at least some common elements of culture, but also a sense of solidarity among (most of) their members.† (The Kurds, Pg.32). This explanation shows the difference between ethnic category, people share common culture and a myth but lack of solidarity, and ethnic community. Nation is the place which every feature assembles; public culture and a certain political and economical integration. He does not believe that culture is constructed or given and fixed. He does believe that culture â€Å"whole set of representations and principles that consciously organize the various aspec ts of social life, a set of norms, positive and negative, and the values attached to these ways of acting and thinking† (The Kurds, Pg.81). He examines ethnie in two groups; lateral-aristocratic ethnie, â€Å"whose members constitute a military-aristocratic stratum, which has little social depth but may be widely extended in geographical space.† (The Kurds, Pg.33) , and vertical- demotic type; â€Å"different social strata share in (more or less) the same culture and are held together by a belief in common origins and a strong commitment to a common religion† (The Kurds, Pg.33). If there is a cultural integration between different communities that they dominate, lateral aristocratic ethnies can grow. On the other hand, for vertical one, there should be a process that integration is created by nationalist intelligentsia. Reinvention of ethnic past and claim of sacred ties to a homeland can appear in the earlier nation states but also it can be inside and against them. To accept the other individuals’ ethnic identity means that being aware of their different but common language and following similar cultures and princinbles. However, this reorganization will not prevent the war because ethnicity does not provide certain kind of guarantee to territorial access or material wealth. Certain kinds of marriages do not either. â€Å"It is the individual’s membership in a local solidarity group, tribe, clan or household that will, up to a point, ensure that s/he has access to these three advantages† (The Kurds, Pg.87). Dominant ethnie or religion group or tribe is the head of the state or has the power of the state. Thus, being a member of a common ethnie also means that classifying in higher or lower positions according to their ethnicity and tribal membership in the bureaucratic hierarchy of the state. According to Fredrik Barth, people feel that have to belong to some ethnie because the sense of the security and stability in their boundaries. They have always wanted to maintain their order, in order to build, negotiate and reproduce its self-identity. Thus, â€Å"ethnicity results from the constantly renewed codification of cultural differences between neighboring groups† (The Kurds, Pg.82). Therefore, different cultures create different ethnic boundaries. On the other hand, for modernist, ethnic groupings are flexible. It can be constructed, adopted, or rejected according to will. Individuals can have two different identities. Their identity does not depend on where they were born, but their role in a given society. Pure etnie cannot be possible for anybody else. Nobody can talk about one’s pure ethnie, but population’s origin. Circumstances are the defining factor for individuals’ ethnic identity. It is a matter of choice according to these circumstances. Therefore, ethnic identity does not belong to common kinship, religion or history. It is constructed by individuals. Benedict Anderson mentions that â€Å"†¦ a historical identity contains imagined and imaginary fact that any claim to a h istorical identity contains imagined and imaginary elements, objects of dream and desires, always easily manipulated as the historical context evolves. The role of the intellectual elite in the creation of these movements is essential: they are the ones who first speak out specific markers or diferentia specifica in the culture and history of group† (The Kurds, Pg. 86). Assimilation via education, forcing the dominant group’s language to hide the ethnic communities for their nation building process or end the conflict between ethnies in the state are the ways to construct an ethnic identity for individuals. The question is that how Kurdish Nationalism occurred although they had different dynasties and approximately no unity between each other? Was that because of the modernization or primordial reasons or the balance of power? How come, their struggle sparkled and the big conflict began and has been escalating with Turkey and how this conflict has become a big question about ethnie in international arena, and will there be a solution for that conflict? Kurds had two aspects of society. One of them was primordial aspect; aga, sheikh, tribal leader as a traditional forms of power. Other one was modernist aspect; intellectuals, businessman, new leading groups among Kurds and merchants as a result of modern education and immigration. In the major cities of Kurdistan, there was an effect of Turkicized culture. In the shehri (urbanities) provided a distinct social group s of the vernacular rural groups. The tribesmen defined themselves as ‘ashiret’ (tribal) or as Kurds. Whereas, in the urban population, some of them referred themselves as Turkish others referred as Kurds. Religion, ‘communalism’, was an important factor for Kurdish solidarity during their national building process. In modern times, Kurds emerged as Sunni Muslims with Sufi effect. Also there were many Kurdish Shi’ite communities with different ethnic identities and dialects like Zaza and Alevis. During the 19th century, religious separists movements in Ottoman Empire, Sunni Kurds were recruited by sultan Adul-Hamid. In WWI, they had religious identity. They struggled against Christian invaders, Allies and Greeks, with Ottoman Empire. Religious identity created strong ties between Turks and Kurds against communist Alevis. When the clashes took place between Turks and communist Alevis, to be a Kurd or a Turk was not an issue because the first identity was the religious one. Sunni Kurds supported the pan Turkish Nationalist Action Party and young Turkish speaking Alevis declared themselves to be Kurds. Some Sunni Kurdish shaykhs and intellectuals were the supporter of Kemal’s pan-Islamic movement to protect the caliphate in the Turkish Muslim Empire. â€Å"Naqshbandiyya supporters of the Turkish independence movement, garnering financial support for the military, spreading the goals of Mustafa Kemal, and discrediting the Istanbul government†( Denise Natali, The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg.76). in 1919, Erzurum congress, Kurds mentioned that they were the supporters of both Mustafa Kemal and Turkish liberation, as long as it was aware of the Kurdish autonomy. â€Å"†¦Kurds were the legitimate brothers of the Turks and demanding not to separated from their compatriots, Kurds who demanded independence, claiming it was indignant to Kurdish honor† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg. 77). However, when tribesmen realized the modern developments, education and modern health services and intercommunication, at the same time they realized that their power was going to be getting weaker. Even though, tribesmen power was getting lesser, the concern about the race as a Kurd was getting stronger. Tribesmen were still expecting the new local chief Kurd or at least speak and understand Kurdish. According to Kurdish primordialists’ believers, Kurdish language and people have existed for millennia, but Kurdistan was isolated because of the modernism. Thus, for those people, modernism was seen as a conflict rather than the solution for their conflict with Turks. â€Å"Said Nursi criticized the idea of nationalism and ethnicity as a poison, arguing: I refuse one hundred million times to sacrifice 350 million brothers among whom are absolute majority of Kurds, who have a certain fraternity and who assist me with their prayers†¦to the idea of a negative ethnicity and nationalism. I refuse one hundred millions times to abandon these numerous sacred brothers, to win over some small impious numbers who have entered a profession without confession and who carry the name of Kurds† (The Kurds and the State, Pg.76). During Ottoman Empire, minority was defined by religion. Minorities’ rights were recognized. Their ethnic and linguistic differences among them did not have any legal consequences. The Kurdish National Movement began in 1826 because of sultan Mahmut’s changing policy for local governors and it escalated after the Young Turk revolt and got worse in Mustafa Kemal’s modernization term. In 19th century, Kurds realized their different cultural and linguistic features. In 1887, Midhat Bey and friends, generally well known families sons and had good background, published newspaper was called Kurdistan. â€Å"The paper, which violently attacked Turkish policy towards the Kurds, is said to have done much to consolidate the idea of Kurdish independence and to have led to the formation of Kurdish communities in various European countries, in Constantinople and in other Turkish towns†(The Kurdish Question, W.G Elphinston, International Affairs 1944-, Vol.22, No.1). Thus, this was the beginning of their revolt against Ottoman Empire; because nationalism was not well formed in those ages, their movement was religious (tariqats) rather than a nationalist movement. Sheikh Said, was the one of the most important religious revolt against Turks. And other revolts, trying to prove Kurdish independence, continued between 1930 and 1938. They were suppressed by Turkish military. Kurdish nationalist were apprehensive about cultural division because they needed a unity for self-determination. Stalin’s definition about nation was a remedy for their action and self-determination process. According to Stalin, nation have to five main characteristics to be a nation; common history, language, territory, economic life and culture. From 1923 to 1938 Kurdish nationalism had been revolting against Turkish government for Kurdish language and its deep root. â€Å" Kurdish intellectual Nuri Dersimi wrote a letter to the secretary general of UN in the name of the tribes of Tunceli (Dersimi), warning about the Turkification of one part of the Kurdish nation and extermination of other† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg. 83). By the early 20th century, Kurdish ethnie became defined Kurdish-speaking Muslim tribes like Zaza and Gurani speaking tribes. Sunnis, lived with them in similar ecological environments and shared common history became Kurdish core. Tribal peasantry groups like Alevi, Yezidi, Shi’I and Ahl-I hagg tribes, speaking same language and believing in same religion, became defined as Kurds. By the 1960s, Kurdish nationalist, had the elite backgrounds, â€Å"decided that the non-tribal peasantry were real Kurds and directed their nationalist propaganda at them. The subject peasantry were gradually incorporated into dominant ethnie† (The Kurds, pg.34). The question in people’s mind is that the reason of Kurdish nationalism can depend on the modernist approach. Was that really because of the unity of the Kurdish workers in three different areas, Turkey, Iraq and Iran, as Marxist ideology claim? Some primordialists believe that it was not the main reason because Kurdish workers united with other workers in their multiethnic states and plus the areas that Kurds survived never concentrated Kurdish communities’ industrialization process, Hence, they migrated to the west, Izmir, Istanbul and Germany, in 1960s because of their financial situation and support for their ideology but not for their nationalism movement. â€Å"The saliency of socioeconomic, tribal and localist identities prevented a unified sense of Kurdayeti (mobilization of Kurdish identity) from emerging across Kurdistan. Most Kurds were more interested in protecting their personal religious and tribal interests than in turning to Kurdish organizations to ad vance nationalist claims†(Denise Natali, The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg:75). Thus, modernization does not have any relevancy with Kurdish nationalism and reason of conflict with Turkey. Beginning of the modernization area and by this way increasing of the nation states and the spread of the democratization process and importance of the human rights increased the awareness of nationalism ideas and escalates the domestic conflicts. Increase of the communication between all Kurdish groups improved the political expectations. Thus, as Earnest Gellner mentions that nationalism as a result of industrialization and the impact of the state and society of process. However, this modernization process and nationalism appeared in Kurdish community a little bit late. Because of their geographical position, as a nomadic life style, diversity isolated them in different places. This strengthened the different Kurdish dialects. â€Å"Isolation and pastoral way of life in many areas contributed to the development of a strong clan and tribal structure that perpetuated political and regional division† (Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller, Pg.6 ). Another reason for the delay of the Kurdish nationalism was that their division between Persian and Ottoman empires and so divergency of national views. Increase of the nationalism ideas caused the clash of states and awakening the transformation of dominant states. Because of the emergence of the nationalism, conflict escalated between the great powers. During the WW I, first Kurdish nationalism emerged in Turkey. The decline of Ottoman Empire gave the huge change for the Emergence of the idea of self-determination so, Kurdish nationalism. Lenism with Bolshevik Revolution and Wilson with American Liberation inspired Kurdish nationalism and their demand for their independence. Thus, it is unavoidable the importance of the modernization over the spread of Kurdish Nationalism and the struggle with Turks. Late 19th century, Kurdish nationalism became more effective because of the increase of modernizing states and nationalism among the majority peoples who dominated them, Turks, Iranian and Arabs. Turkey was the under the pressure of Western powers during the 18th century and was preparing to its end. During this transformation term, K urdish people had a chance to express their ethnic identity, participate the political affairs, speak their own language, and assemble as a national group. Western power pressure over Ottomans but their friendship with Kurdistan assembles Kurds under their umbrella. Kurds were supported by British society; Friends of British society and Committee for the Independence for the Independence of Kurdistan. Bedir Khan, a representative in the Ottoman Parliament and secretary of the Committee for the Independence of Kurdistan, complained about Kurdish nationalism’s difficult situation in Turkey and its difference from Turkish national identity to British Society; â€Å"We have nothing in common with the Turks. They are of the Turanian race; we are of the Aryan race. Pour language is different. The Turks speak a language composed of Chagatay, Arab, and Persian, while Kurds speak their own language with its origins from Pahlavi (The Kurds and the State, Pg.74). Nation building policies of Turkey, improved communications, mass education and mass literacy, increased geographical and social mobility, political an military struggle of Kurdish nationalist parties, the ruin of traditional village life and the emergence of highly educated middle class have been such a profound effect over Kurdish nationalism movement during 20th century. However, this changes do not only have a positive effect over their nationalism but integration economically and socially to big cities caused weakening of Kurdish ethnicity too. In Urfa in 1960, Said Nursi, who identified as a Sunni Muslim, mentioned: â€Å"I have a friendly and brotherly relation with true the Turks†¦.. Yet, you take the identity from millions of Kurds who are real Turkish citizens, brothers in combat in the holy war of the Turks. You make them forget their identity and their ancient language†¦ This is a barbaric procedure. This submission cannot be imposed on me and we will not sub mit†(The Kurds and the States, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.96). For sharpening the ethnic boundary with the dominant ethnie and awakening the Kurdish nationalism, Kurdish intellectuals has been studying historiography, linguistics, folklore studies and most of all poetry and literature. Some secularized and urbanized Kurdish intellectuals such as Mehdi Zana and Musa Anter published journals in Kurdish and Turkish and showing the significance of the Kurdish ethnicity by proving the difference of Kurdish language. Until the 1960s and 70s, Kurdish identity was undermined as state based national identity. 1960s was the awakening and reemergence of Kurdish nationalism. Displacement policy in new areas like western Anatolia and also Germany, and by this way, attending new jobs such as seasonal workers or some construction sectors and automobile factories, Kurdish nationalism assembled around the leftist worker groups. As a reborn left movement, it was for recognition of the existence of Kurds, their cultural rights and economic development. In 1965, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Turkey, emphasized the Kurdish identity and economic development but not the religion, was established by Faik Bucak and Said Elci. The new Kurdish movement became stronger with mass education and urbanization process. Kurdish students, intellectuals and labor immigrants became aware of their difference from dominant ethnie. â€Å"During the dozens of meetings held by Kurdish and Turkish intellectuals and working classes during 1960s, the participants protested against the underdevelopment of southeast Turkey. They demanded teachers and schools and not police. Kurdish nationalist also criticized education without the Kurdish language and life in Kurdistan without water and food† (The Kurds and the States, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.100). In 1969, as another modernist approach, in the Eastern Turkey, new Kurdish organi zations were established to mention the importance of the Kurdish nationalism. Devrimci Dogu Kultur Ocaklaris was one of them. These organizations published journals and newspapers in Turkish and Kurdish to emphasize the â€Å"eastern problem†. During 1970s, when Kurdish agas became loosing power, Kurdish Leftist groups cooperated with Turkish Leftist parties to get some support for their movement. Others, who were against leftist groups and Alevis, joint the right wing Turkish parties like Alparslan Turkes’s MHP. However, after the 1970 coup d’etat and so weakening leftist workers group caused the declining of Kurdish nationalism. Their right wing Kurds became closer to Turkish government and reached and agreement with it increased the Kurd’s claim for their distinct ethnic identity. Thus, the hatred against the Turks and right wing Kurds escalated. â€Å"In the highly ethnicized and militarized political space, and in the absence of open political alternatives, Kurdish nationalist sentiment and organizations became highly ethnicized, violent, and diversified. Urbanized Kurdish nationalists produced clandestine journals such as MEDYA Gunesi, Toplumsal Dirilis, Ozgur Gelecek, and Vatan Gunesi that criticized the state’s military warfare in Kurdistan and emphasized the distinct Kurdish language. Still prevented from using in term Kurd, they created secular, pro-Kurdish parties, including the People’s Labor Party (Halkin Emek Partisi (HEP)† (The Kurds and the S tates, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.110). Also, some of illegal parties like the socialist Party of Kurdistan in Turkey, the Kurdistan Workers’ Vanguard Party, and the Liberty Party was established with the slogan of â€Å"Kurdara Azadi†(Freedom to Kurds). Beside these parties, some nationalistic ones like National Liberators of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Worker’s Party took violent nationalist actions Turkish government. PKK, terrorist organization, was represented as a least assimilated group in Kurdistan. Abdullah Ocalan, in 1972, became a president of this terrorist organization. They made an agreement with Syrian terrorist organization as well as the Palestinian one to increase their violent attack. This is a mainly leftist students group in Ankara, and grew out of anarchy. In 1985, they created National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK). By this organization, they had a chance to recruit leftist students, provide intelligence and spread their propaganda activities in Turkey as well as abroad. In 1986, People’s Liberation Army of Kurdistan was established to pursue the same aims with ERNK. Their aim was that create independent Kurdish state which was against to Western imperialism and of course the Turkish one. This Marxist-Lennist organization aimed to show that it was a ‘national liberation’ organization, organizing congress and taking decisions democratically, against t he Turkish nationalist movement. They tried to establish socialist state by aggressive military and nationalistic movement. Ocalan stated: â€Å"I did not emphasize Kurdayeti along with other Leftist during the 1960s-1970s because the extreme left was very strong and the Kurds lost their confidence. Also, there was a no dictatorship in Turkey during this time. We created PKK in 1978 at the time of the massacres in Karamaras. Still it was not a party uniquely for the Kurds or for Kurdayeti. It was an idea of the socialists†¦ our route to revolution was socialism† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.112). The recruitment by PKK increased really fast against Turkish government. Growing number of Kurds increased their propaganda in the streets in 1990. â€Å"mass demonstrations, together with strikes and subsequent unrest, racked the frontier towns of Nusaybin and Cizre, with the disaffection spreading to regional city of Diyarb akir, The protests were ominously labeled the beginning of a Kurdish intifada by members of the Kurdish nationalist movement† (The Overload State: Turkish Policy and the Kurdish Issue, Phillip Robins, International Affairs, Vol.69, No.4, Oct.1993, Pg. 665). To reach their goals they also killed Kurdish people, village guards. In 1985, ANAP (Anavatan Partisi, Motherland Party) was under the control of Turgur Ozal decided to use village guards in South-east, to protect the order in that region against PKK. â€Å"The creation of these groups would also serve the purpose of showing outsiders that the Kurds in the south-east were far from united in their opposition to the Turkish states. The village Guard system soon became embroiled in the tribalism of the region. With the PKK using violence as an instrument of terror against members of the militia and their families, those attracted to membership of the Village guard have often been clans who are traditionally loyal to stateâ⠂¬ (Turkey and Kurds, Pg.664). PKK believed that these guards were also big impediments for them to create unified and independent Kurdistan. Since, these village guards were working with Turkish government and taking money from it, they had to be killed or that had to become PKK members and supply money for that terrorist organization. This forceful PKK pressure over the village guards, created tension in local areas, and PKK took advantage of this division between the local guards and exploited some exiting tribal divisions. In 1990, Ocalan established Patriotic Union of Mullahs of Kurdistan, the Islamic party of Kurdistan, and the Kurdish-Alevi Union to declare jihad against Turkish government. Basically he used religion as a tool for their violent nationalistic action. â€Å"Kurdish nationalists, in turn, have sporadically used religion to advance their nationalist agenda. After 1990 some Kurds in Turkey reconfigured Kurdish Liberation in the context of Islam as a way of coun tering the state’s Islamic policies. Ocalan declared the PKK more Islamic than the Islamists and said that he too, prayed during his youth† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.115). To attract the attention of public opinion and gain international and local respect, between 1991 and 1993, their actions became more lethal. They had attacked government institutions, schools, teachers, and political parties in the East and South East. According to Amnesty International, as of 1997, 124 teachers were killed by members of the PKK. â€Å"PKK members abducted and killed 19 teachers in the autumn of 1994; it appears that the Kurdish Workers Party, PKK, is resuming its repugnant policy of murdering teachers in southeast Turkey(www.amnesty.org). In 1993, Abdullah Ocalan declared ceasefire unilaterally. Howeer, it was not such a long ceasefire because then he suddenly broke the ceasefire and appeasement term with Turkish goverment. â€Å"Ocalan put forward two reasons for his return to arms: the absence of any political gestures, such as allowing Kurdish Language radio and television broadcast; and the fact that military action had been resumed by the government†( The Overload State: Turkish Policy and the Kurdish Issue, Pg.669). However, it was not realistic that, because he declared ceasefire, it did not mean for Turkish government, Turkey could trust PKK and help the Kurdish development process. And also although during the ceasefire period, Turkish military was in the South East , they were not such a big threat for Kurds. To cover its terrorist facets, PKK created the Kurdish Parliament in Exile. â€Å"To establish national institutions in cultural fields, to establish a national congress and national parliament of a free Kurdistan, to prepare draft resolutions relating to a constitution, citizenship laws, conscription laws, civil laws, tax laws, penal laws and environmental protection act, to work with youth to put an end to its alienation, to ease the return of the Kurdish people to Kurdistan, to enter into voluntary agreements with the neighboring peoples, guided by the principle of self –determination of Kurds, to undertake to improve the Kurdish Language† (Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg34-35), this organization was created. However, even though they wanted to reach a so-called compromise with Turkish government, the demanded also military, economic and political embargo from international community. On the other hand, Some Kurdish people attended to Turkish parties, to seek solutions for the South East problem. These parliamentarians tried to find projects and tried to help the Kurdish people in that area. Also, they had a chance to protect their family against PKK. These Kurdish parliamentarians became closer the Turkish government not only because of their security concern or earn money but also they began believing that Because of PKK’s violent actions, Kurdish people having less political freedom than before. In south east, Kurds stopped their demonstrations, closed their shops and stooped their strikes. Thus, in this area, right now, two different types of village guards, one of them was forced by PKK to be a member of this terrorist organization and revolt against Turks, and other one was totally against PKK and struggled with them. Because of this tribal division and PKK’s propaganda; â€Å"all those that are not with us are against us†, Kurds unfort unately did not have a chance which one really against PKK which one was forced and which one the real PKK member. Additionally, besides these parliamentarians, against PKK, Kurdish right-wing religionist occurred like Hezbollah. They killed lots of PKK intellectuals and journalists. Beginning of the War of the Independence, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, first president of Turkey, mentioned the equality of Turks and Kurds and their common struggle to protect the millet (nation) in April 1920. Also, Mustafa Kemal mentioned that, Parliament was not the arrange of representatives of Turks, Kurds and Laz but the representative of the Islamic community. Unfortunately, Kurds revolt against Turks continued. In 1920, Koagari was the most important one. This revolt, forced Ataturk to gather Turkish troops against Kurds from the real war arena to deal with that insurgency which later led to big gap between Kurds and Turks. 1920 was an important year not only for Turks but also Kurds because they had a chance to persuade Turkish government for their distinct ethnicity with the Treaty of Sevres. According to that agreement; â€Å"If within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty the Kurdish people†¦ show that majority of the population of these areas desire s independence from Turkey, and if the Council then considers that these people are capable of such independence and recommendation, and to renounce all rights and title over these areas† (Turkey and Kurds, Pg.659). If Turkey had not won the Turkish War of independence, today talking about Turkish existence would be so difficult. By that victory, treaty of Lausanne was signed, and that treaty determined the minority according to religion but not ethnie. â€Å"No reference was made to non-Turkish minorities, though there were some very general provisions on the rights of Turkish nationals. This effective exclusion of the Kurds from definition of a minority has been referred to countless times by Turkish politicians to justify the lack of any special status or provisions for the Kurds of Turkey†(Turkey and Kurds, Pg. 660). During the Lausanne Conference, Ismet Inonu Mentioned that. That was not true that Kurds did not want to live with Turks. For centuries, Turk and Kurd s had been sharing same culture, tradition, ethnie and living in harmony. Kurds preffered Turkish governance by their will and decided to have same destiny with Turks. â€Å"In Turkish Grand Assembly, they have their own, mayors and representatives and so this assembly is not only for Turks but also as well as its Kurds. They have the same rights with Turkish mayors to talk about state’s future† (Lozan Baris Konferansi,Tutanaklar-Belgeler, 3.Baski, 2001, Pg. 349). During the one party area in Turkey, Kemalist regime reinvented the Turkish ethnie. Actually, during that term, not Kurdish and Turkish nationalism was in conflict but the primordialism and modernism were struggling against each other and were used by Turks and Kurds to unify their nations according to their interests. In 1925, Ismet Inonu, Ataturk’s confidant and successor, in his speech proved the effect of primordialism in Turkish domestic policy; â€Å"We are frankly nationalist and nationalism is our only factor of cohesion. In the face of a Turkish majority other elements have no kind of influence. We must Turkify the inhabitants of our land at any price, and we will annihilate those oppose the Turks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg.10). In 1924, demolish of Caliphate and reduce the importance of religion as defining factor for identity, idea of citizenship was shaped in Turkey. Citizenship meant that Turkishness. â€Å"Mustafa Kemal had begun to de velop an ideology based on ethno-nationalsim, drawn from the European experience. The essence of this ideology to which Mustafa Kemal gave his name as it related to the national question was that those disparate people of the modern state were to have their previous identities subsumed under that of being Turkish†¦Kurds by categorizing them as ‘Mountain Kurds’†¦ and their traditional costumes wee banned because of the Turkish Dress Code, village names got Turkish names and various restrictions on the use of the Kurdish language were introduced† (Turkey and Kurds, Pg.661). Kurd could be called Turk, if they rejected their own ethnic identity. Also, if Kurds wanted to be a member of the parliament they had to accept the Turkish identity. This situation caused Kurdish dissatisfaction. Shaykh Said, first religious and nationalistic rebellion, changed the relationship between Kurds and Turks. Kemalist government believed that if never government was establish ed, there would be no homogeneity. Therefore, Kurds were not able to use their language and live their culture. As a result, some of them accepted Turkish identity and got some important positions in military, politics like President Turgut Ozal whose Grandmother was Kurd. Turkish nationalist idea was both civic and ethno-cultural. Its ethno-cultural aspect prepared a base for assimilation of Kurds, did not accept the higher Turkish culture, and civic one made possible the rise of assimilated Kurds. These assimilation process were as a result of some limitations such as education, economic resources. For instance as aresult of assimilation process by language, Ziya Gokalp, who was originally Kurd, opted Turkish ethnicity and became one of the Chief ideologies of Turkish nationalism. In 1915, he mentioned that shehrinin millleti yoktur wich means that the urbanite has no ethnic identity† (The Kurds, Pg.31). Currently in the Southeast some Kurdish people are barely speak any language but Kurdish. During the Democratic Party area, Turkish stated reduced their secular aspect and ease some cultural restrictions in the east. Kurdish people had a chance to benefit form commercial bourgeoisie even though it was in the west side of Turkey. Also they had a chance to express themselves in their own language because of the Freedom of expression. However, after that freedom of expression period, Democratic Part was overthrown. In 1960s, emergence of the trade unions and student groups, new political organizations were created for Kurds like Turkish workers party (TIP). It mentioned that there was an ethnic problem in Turkey. After that in 1971, because of the coup, this party was closed. In 1980s, Turkish government was afraid of growing trend of Kurdish nationalism and their strike in Southeast, so coup d’etat was happened. In the short term struggle with these terrorist were seen successful; lots of Kurdish nationalist were jailed or killed, but in the long run, it showed that this struggle did not bring success to Turks because some of the Kurdish nationalists escaped some underground or refuge boards. For instance, for PKK, Syria became a safe heaven. 1983 was another turning point both for Kurds and Turks because Turkish was declared as an only language for its citizens. However, in 1991, with Turgut Ozal, Kurdish people had their own publications in their own language and also had their own cultural organizations. These organizations aim were to teach Kurdish history and culture. According to Turkish public, although Turkey has three important features; Democratic process and governance, the existence of a large and vibrant civil society and open press, these feature do not work in the same way for Kurdish people and Kurdish problem. People’s labor party (HEP), Democracy Party (DEP) and People’s Democracy Party (HADEP), PKK affiliated parties, were banned. However, some civil organizations did not have the same strict ideas against Kurdish problem and also Turkish government has not been always ignorant. . Since the economic problem, which has been such a big deal and the reason of the conflict fro 1980, â€Å"Turkish government has recognized the centrality of the economic issue to Kurdish unrest. The South-east Anatolian Project (GAP) is aimed at regenerating the economy of the south-east. Countless other plans for rapid economic transformation have also been unveiled† (Turkey and Kurds, Pg. 663). As it is known that Southeast is the po orest area of Turkey and it has been run on a semi-feudal basis. People did not have enough economic development. And although there has been such a big economic growth in Aegean and Mediterranean, in southeast, per capita has been at the lowest rate. Also, during Ozal’s term, â€Å"the government introduced a state of emergency, though falling short of martial law, effectively curbed he application of Turkey’s emerging political liberalization process in the region†(Turkey and Kurds, Pg. 664). The New Democracy Movement (Yeni Demokrasi Harekati), was established Cem Boyner, is a businessman and former head of TUSIAD (Turkish Businessmen’s Association), tried to find a solution for the big economic gap between Southeast and West of Turkey by including Kurds to develop their own local policies along their own forms. He has succeeded to open an arena to answer the problems of Kurdish questions for future. Also, Turkish government showed some progresses for other areas to improve Kurdish peoples’ life standard like language; â€Å" since 2002, as part of its reforms aimed at European Union integration and under pressure to further the rights of Kurds, Turkey passed laws allowing Kurdish radio and television broadcasts as well the option of private Kurdish education†(www.bbc.co.uk). On the other hand, lots of Kurdish families did not let their girls so to school because they thought that girls had to stay home and married rich husband. Unfortunately, families had the same tribal and traditional families for their girls. Their girls were only able to go to elementary and middle school. However, â€Å"The Turkish state is actively trying to put an end to these feudal practices by a variety of educational and political campaigns, along with nation-wide television campaigns and the personal involvement of the prime minister. It has been estimated that thanks to these determined campaigns, hundreds of thousands of girls in the region are now going to school for the very first time† (www.britannica.com). However, although there are some progresses like that some of the, unfortunately are not satisfying. According to European Commission progress report As regards cultural rights, permission was granted to two local TV channels in Diyarbakir and to one radio in Sanliurfa to broadcast in Kurdish. However, time restrictions apply, with the exception of films and music programmes. All broadcasts, except songs, must be subtitled or translated in Turkish, which makes live broadcasts technically cumbersome. Educational programs teaching the Kurdish language are not allowed. The Turkish Public Television (TRT) has continued broadcasting five languages including Kurdish, however the duration and scope of TRTs national broadcasts in five languages is very limited. No private broadcaster at national level has applied for broadcasting in languages other than Turkish since the enactment of the 2004 legislat ion†. However, general public opinion has been really aggressive against Kurdish problem. Most of people believe that Kurd means that terrorist or problem. All Kurds are Terrorists and members of PKK. May be it is the because of the â€Å"Many Families have now lost their sons in the army to the conflict, and many parents speak with great anxiety about their sons’ early due dates for military service and the risks entail. Bodies have been coming back from the southeast on a regular basis; and the height of the insurrection, the number of coffins brought to the main Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara for funeral ceremonies before being sent back home would sometimes reach ten a day†(Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg.116). For general public, Kurds are mountain Turks. Although they speak different language, their language based on Turkish, it is a dialect of Turkish. Thus it is not such a serious tool for communication and so it is ridiculous to demand for special linguistic rights . It means that Kurdish identity is meaningless and unnecessary and if somebody is dare to talk about their rights, this person is terrorist and enemy of the nation. Is there any solution for Kurdish and Turkish conflict? Are they going to live in the same territory as enemies or going to reach a compromise? Is there any trust between each other after their complicated history? Did primordialism and modernism help them for their national building or did they cause more conflict between each other? Both of them used both nationalistic ways in different period to build their nation. However, they have never ever exactly reached an agreement with each other. Maybe these approaches were as tools to damage each other’s nation building process. First of all both Kurds and Turks lost their trust to each other. â€Å"Turks and Kurds are coming to live in their separate psychological worlds- working jointly in society but increasingly nourishing suspicious about each other’s intentions and identifying with different things. It is this growing psychological gap between Kurdish and Turkish is the most dangerous feature of Kurdish issue in Tur key†(Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg.17). Russian help to Kurds and also Britain cause a question mark in minds. Why did those nations help Kurds? Was that really because of to protect of their rights or to use them as a tool and reach their aim over Turkey? Then, can we say that balance of power escalate the conflict between Kurds and Turks? Why have these nations become a financial support for PKK and Kurds? Still people have suspicion about the future of this conflict. Both Kurds and Turks do not really do not know who they can trust. Do they trust each other or European powers to solve this problem? Is it really true that if Turkey increases its progress in the South-east and give more opportunities to Kurds such as they have more freedom about using their language, foreign powers, using Kurds for their geopolitics aim over Turkey, will able to Separate Turkey and give Kurds little federation under their control? These questions have not been answered yet, but confl ict between Kurds and Turks has been still escalating. And both sides become more pessimistic about their future because of their past. Research Papers on Kurdish Nationalism versus Turkish NationalismAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Psychology sexual Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychology sexual Identity - Essay Example Fortunately, I now have the capacity to gauge their influence on my relationships-how they start, get maintained or ultimately end. Prior to learning all these, it is as if they passed by my life like a stream. Having been in this course enabled me to dip my hands and catch a handful of water - I am now able to contemplate about these ideas and not just let them influence me without my comprehension. '''''' I have acquired a lot from the course, and one of them is utilizing critical thinking and value systems in arriving at sexual decisions. Sex is indeed a basic, physiologic need, but expressing one's sexuality is also ridden by personal choices and not just controlled by raging hormones (Nevid et. al, 2005). I have tackled sexual decisions before without so much thought to them, and by then I could have been labeled as a follower of ethical relativism-living life and acting out according to one's own conscience rather than depending on external frames of thought to identify the demarcation line between bad and good (Nevid, et. al, 2005). Knowing the other value systems has not caused me to be swayed to switching and adhering to them, but it has helped me gain understanding of the rationales for other people's sexual actions. More than understanding other people, I have learned that my belief in ethical relativism boils down to my being open-minded and tolerant of diversity. Opposing opinions do not irritate me, nor am I advocating for oneness of opinion just to promote harmony amongst people who are intolerant of differences. I may see pre-marital sex as acceptable, but I can deal with people who staunchly believe that it is a sin and deserves abomination. Through this, I am now able to respect their decisions more, and also, I am able to respect my very own decisions as well because I have seen how self-reliant I am, enough that I was and still is able, to make sexual decisions in accordance with my own conscience-decisions that give not only space for freedom, but also impose limitations if this already tramples o n another's rights. '''''' During the duration of the course, my critical thinking skills applied in sexual decisions has also been honed and sharpened. I used to jump inside the bandwagon of pop psychology, believing in claims that has garnered growing number of support, and with this in mind, fueled enough complacency in me to apply in my sexual life. It is no different from all those fab diet regimens advertised in commercials; not all of them produce the results they claim to bring about. Of particular and pragmatic use are some guidelines presented in the first chapter. I learned how not to take everything by hook, line and sinker. I learned how to debate with what the book presented as fact. Indeed, there are book and magazines showing off that they have what it takes, methods and all, to bring out an explosive sexual experience. My old self used to pick up those kinds of magazines and buy them. Now I criticize the article first with questions like, "Who wrote this'", "Do they have credible and reliable sources or is the article just filled with sensationalized personal accounts'" Critical thinking enables me to ask the right questions so that I might arrive at the correct answers, which in turn becomes a guide for me to reach sensible decisions.' Effect of Environment and Historical

Assessment of Supply Chain Improvement Statistics Project

Assessment of Supply Chain Improvement - Statistics Project Example The dangers in using predictive models are in the quality of input assumption. If we underestimated our lawmakers and their willingness to impose import tariff for scooter imports from China is 70% and not 30% this would change the result in favour of production in Scotland as it would suggest that the result expressed as daily profit for outsourcing to China would come to only Ã…  425,33 which is less than Ã…  453,33. The simplicity with which I checked the result under changed assumption may be considered as one of advantages of EMV modeling approach. The same goes for all other assumptions like sales probability prediction. In original scenario I would recommend that everything for Milton Keynes be made in Manchester. I would recommend that Toulouse makes as much as possible for Paris and Madrid and Stuttgart to fill in where Toulouse can not deliver for Paris and Madrid. It turns out that Toulouse does not make Professional model so it should make more profitable Weekender and less profitable De Luxe model. From available material Toulouse can make 1500 sets of Weekender and 100 sets of De Luxe model. Limitations are available steel and aluminum. Toulouse makes â‚ ¬ 297.700 in profits. Stuttgart would be able to make Professional and De Luxe models but not Weekender so available materials there allow for production of 400 Professional sets for Paris and 200 professional sets for Madrid as well as 1000 De Luxe sets for Madrid and 900 De Luxe sets for Paris. Stuttgart makes â‚ ¬ 411.700 in profits. ... It turns out that Toulouse does not make Professional model so it should make more profitable Weekender and less profitable De Luxe model. From available material Toulouse can make 1500 sets of Weekender and 100 sets of De Luxe model. Limitations are available steel and aluminum. Toulouse makes â‚ ¬ 297.700 in profits. Stuttgart would be able to make Professional and De Luxe models but not Weekender so available materials there allow for production of 400 Professional sets for Paris and 200 professional sets for Madrid as well as 1000 De Luxe sets for Madrid and 900 De Luxe sets for Paris. Stuttgart makes â‚ ¬ 411.700 in profits. Manchester can make all three sets, thus it supplies all the needs of Milton Keynes (600 professional, 800 De Luxe and 800 Weekender) as well as 100 De Luxe sets for Madrid and 1000 Weekender set for Madrid. Manchester unit makes â‚ ¬ 616.900 in profits. b) However, if in above scenario we deduct fixed costs from profits we find out that our Toulous e unit does not cover fixed costs. Therefore I would recommend closing down facility in Toulouse and transferring materials to Manchester to make demanded units there. If we have no possibility of transferring materials than we can fulfill our 80% obligation by transferring production of Weekender Sets to Manchester (we can not make them in Stuttgart) where we have surplus materials. We have to transfer production of De Luxe sets from Toulouse to Manchester as Stuttgart is close to limit in steel and can not accept 100 De Luxe sets more. We do not want to lower production of professional sets (they were not produced in Toulouse at all) as they carry the biggest profit margin if possible. If we lower production for De Luxe sets for

Information Systems (Word Processing Assignment) Essay

Information Systems (Word Processing Assignment) - Essay Example Served with potato chips or substitute Safari fries for $1.49 Add a House salad or cup of soup for $4.99 - $10.99 Blue Mountain Chicken Sandwich - Tender grilled chicken breast, Cajun seasoned and topped with bacon, Swiss cheese, roasted red peppers and leaf lettuce. Served on a toasted bun with spicy Safari sauce and coleslaw. Add a House Salad or cup of soup for $4.99. - $12.99 Buffalo Fried Chicken Salad - Golden fried chicken tenders atop crisp greens, red cabbage, tomatoes, and carrots, in a chunky Blue cheese dressing. Garnished with crumbled Blue cheese and Buffalo sauce. - $13.99 Caribbean Coconut Shrimp - Tender shrimp rolled in fresh coconut and fried to a golden brown, served with sweet mango sauce, Caribbean rice and Napa veggies. Add a House salad or cup of soup for $4.99 - $18.99 Chicken Fried Chicken - Breaded chicken breast, lightly fried golden brown topped with country gravy and Napa vegetables. Served with red-skinned garlic mashed potatoes and Napa vegetables. Add a House salad or cup of soup for $4.99 - $16.99 Sparkling Volcano - Enough for 2 or more people! Giant rich chocolate brownie cake stacked up high, served warm with vanilla ice cream, fresh whipped cream, and topped with caramel and chocolate sauces. - $14.99 Selection of Beverages - Coke, Diet Coke, Cherry Coke, Sprite, Root Beer, Raspberry Iced Tea, Iced Tea, Hot Tea, Milk, Coffee, Natural Still or Sparkling Water, Lemonade, and Cranberry, Pineapple, or Orange juice. Prices

Performance Analysis for AD-HEED and N-HEED

Performance Analysis for AD-HEED and N-HEED 4.1 Results and Discussion In this section, we exhibit and discuss the results of the simulation. This section shows the performance analysis for AD-HEED and N-HEED compared to the original HEED protocol. Every result presented is the average of five experiments. The following sections give a detailed description of the experiments and the results. 4.4.1 Network Lifetime The number of alive nodes for each round is observed for AD-HEED and N-HEED compared to HEED protocol to evaluate the lifetime of the network. In the proposed methods and according to the distance between the CH and its anchor, we proposed AD-HEED30, AD-HEED87, N-HEED30 and N-HEED87. 30 and 87 are the distance between the CH and its anchor (dch_to_Anc) where 30 is the cluster radius and 87 is the threshold distance which depends on the environment. According to simulation results, AD-HEED87 and N-HEED87 have the same results for all experiments so N-HEED87 results will not be appeared in any figure. In all of the experiments, the sensor nodes were deployed uniformly. Figure ‎4‑1 shows the performance of HEED protocol compared to AD-HEED and N-HEED. It is observed that AD-HEED87 outperforms HEED and the other proposed methods. AD-HEED87 increases the network lifetime until all nodes consume their whole energy by more than 150 rounds compared with HEED protocol. N-HEED30 also increases the network lifetime by more than 50 rounds until the whole nodes die. Figure ‎4‑1: Number of alive nodes per rounds Figure ‎4‑2 presents how AD-HEED and N-HEED behave with HEED protocol in term of node death percentage. The figure below shows the number of rounds for 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% of nodes that consume their whole energy. The results show that AD-HEED and N-HEED outperform HEED throughout the network. There is a slight advantage to HEED on AD-HEED30 in 90% of nodes death .The figure shows that for 10% of nodes death, the best choice is AD-HEED30 and N-HEED30 while the best choice for 75% and 90% of nodes death is AD-HEED87. For 25% and 50% of nodes death the best choice occurs with all proposed methods because they are approximately the same. According to both of figures, the results show that our proposed methods outperform HEED. Figure ‎4‑2: Node death percentage per rounds 4.4.2 Energy Consumption Analysis The performance of AD-HEED and N-HEED is compared with that of HEED protocol in term of energy consumption for data transmission between CHs and the base station. Figure ‎4‑3 reveals the ratio of energy consumption for AD-HEED and N-HEED per rounds compared with HEED. Here, the energy consumption is the energy consumed by nodes to transmit data to the base station. According to the listed parameters, the results show that the energy consumption for data transmission between CHs and the base station is approximately 19% from the whole energy in HEED protocol. According to our experiments, we have a network that consists of 200 sensors deployed in 100m Ãâ€" 100m, the base station located away at (200, 200) from the surrounding area and the initial energy for each node is 2 J. The total energy for 200 nodes is 400 J and then the energy consumed to transmit data from CHs to the base station is 76 J (19% of 400 J). The figure below shows that AD-HEED87 is the lowest energy c onsuming and then N-HEED30 and AD-HEED30 respectively which means that all of them consumed energy lower than that consumed by HEED. AD-HEED87 decreases the energy consumption by HEED by almost 47% and this means it consumes 36 J for data transmission. Figure ‎4‑3: The ratio of energy consumption per rounds Figure ‎4‑4 presents the ratio of energy consumption in data transmission in term of node death percentage. The figure below shows the ratio of energy consumption for 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% of nodes that consume their whole energy. As it is obviously clear from the figure, AD-HEED and N-HEED consume lower energy than HEED throughout the network. AD-HEED87, N-HEED30 and AD-HEED30 are the lowest energy consumption respectively. Figure ‎4‑4: The ratio of energy consumption for AD-HEED, N-HEED and HEED Table ‎4‑2 reveals the improvement of energy consumed for data transmission of AD-HEED and N-HEED on HEED protocol for 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% of nodes death. The comparison results shown in Table ‎4‑2 depict that AD-HEED87, N-HEED and AD-HEED30 respectively are more energy efficient than HEED throughout the network. It is worth mentioning here that the data transmission energy is the energy consumed to transmit data from CHs to the base station. Table ‎4‑2: Improvement of AD-HEED and N-HEED on HEED protocol 4.4.3 Variance of the Base Station Location In this set of experiments we evaluate how varying the location of the base station could effect on both schemes; AD-HEED and N-HEED in term of network lifetime and energy consumption. Figure ‎4‑5 compares the lifetime of the network of AD-HEED and N-HEED with HEED, where the network lifetime is the time until the first 10% of nodes die and when the locations of the base station are (150, 150), (200, 200) and (250, 250) on x-coordinate and y-coordinate. Similar comparisons are conducted for the network lifetime in term of HND and LNA10% as exhibited in Figure ‎4‑6 and Figure ‎4‑7 respectively. Both approaches improve the network lifetime with different locations for the base station compared to HEED protocol. Figure ‎4‑5 shows that AD-HEED30 is the best choice where the network lifetime is FND10%. Figure ‎4‑5: Comparing HEED with AD-HEED and N-HEED using different locations of the base station for FND10% metric Figure ‎4‑6 and Figure ‎4‑7 show that AD-HEED87 and N-HEED30 prolong network lifetime in term of HND and LNA10% while AD-HEED30 prolongs network lifetime in term of HND and LNA10% while AD-HEED30 prolongs network lifetime in term of HND. Thus, for the application that requires that at least 90% of nodes should work, AD-HEED30 is the best choice and appropriate for improving the network lifetime in term of FND10%. If the demand of the application is to boost the lifespan of the network in term of LNA10%, then AD-HEED87 will be appropriate because they improve the network lifetime in term of LNA10% significantly. Figure ‎4‑6: Comparing HEED with AD-HEED and N-HEED using different locations of the base station for HND metric It can be easily observed form Figure ‎4‑5, Figure ‎4‑6 and Figure ‎4‑7 that if the base station location is farther, the network lifetime will decrease in term of FND10%, HND and LNA10% in AD-HEED and N-HEED. The decreasing of network lifetime is due to consuming more energy to transmit data to the base station. We know that the anchor or CH consumes (k (Eelec + Eamp * dn)) J to transmit k-bit message to the base station where n = 2 for d 0, and n = 4 for d ≠¥ d0. Thus, the distance between the closest node and the base station according to the experiments is greater than 87 (d0) so n = 4 all the time. In other words, whenever the base station was nearer, CHs and anchors will consume less energy to deliver data to the base station and vice versa. This means that the distance between CHs or anchors and the base station is a critical factor which effects on the energy consumption. Figure ‎4‑7: Comparing HEED with AD-HEED and N-HEED using different locations of the base station for LNA10% metric The following three figures present the energy consumed in Joules by HEED, AD-HEED and N-HEED using different locations of the base station. From the figures, it is clear that AD-HEED and N-HEED consume less energy than HEED protocol throughout the network. The energy saving by the proposed method increases as the location of the base station was farther. The explanation of this was aforementioned. It is clear from the figures that the fraction of improvement decreases as we go through the network lifetime. In other words, the fraction of improvement in the energy consumption for FND10% is greater than that for HND and LNA10%. This is due to that in the earlier periods of the network lifetime there are a lot of nodes that not consume their whole energy. Thus, CHs can select the beast node as anchor which is the closest node to the base station. But in the in the later periods of the network lifetime, a lot of nodes die. Thus, some of CHs may not use anchor to transmit data the base s tation or select a node as anchor which not effect on energy consumption impressively. Figure ‎4‑8, Figure ‎4‑9 and Figure ‎4‑10 reveal that AD-HEED87 is the most energy saving and then N-HEED30 and AD-HEED30. Figure ‎4‑8: The energy consumption using different locations of the base station for FND10% metric Figure ‎4‑9: The energy consumption using different locations of the base station for HND Figure ‎4‑10: The energy consumption using different locations of the base station for LNA10% metric 4.4.4 Variance of the Number of Sensors We also evaluate the effectiveness of increasing number of the nodes on both methods; AD-HEED and N-HEED. Figure ‎4‑11 compares the lifetime of the network of HEED to AD-HEED and N-HEED, where the network lifetime is FND10% and when the number of nodes is varied between 150, 200, 250 and 300 nodes. Identical comparisons are conducted for HND and LNA10% as depicted in Figure ‎4‑12 and Figure ‎4‑13 respectively. Both methods improve the network lifetime as the number of nodes increases. The figures show that, in almost all cases, AD-HEED and N-HEED performs better than HEED. This improvement is also due to using the anchor as intermediate between CHs and the base station. This increases the network lifespan and decreases the energy consumption. The figures show that AD-HEED30 outperforms the others in term of FND10% while AD-HEED87 outperforms the other in term of LNA10% as the number of sensors increases. AD-HEED87 and N-HEED30 are approximately the same with a slight advantage to AD-HEED87 in term of HND. Figure ‎4‑11: Comparing HEED with AD-HEED and N-HEED using different number of sensors for FND10% metric Figure ‎4‑12: Comparing HEED with AD-HEED and N-HEED using different number of sensors for HND metric Figure ‎4‑13: Comparing HEED with AD-HEED and N-HEED using different number of sensors for LNA10% metric The following three figures present the energy consumed in Joules by HEED, AD-HEED and N-HEED using different number of sensors. Figure ‎4‑14: The energy consumption using different number of sensors for FND10% metric It is obviously clear that AD-HEED and N-HEED are more energy efficient because they consume less energy than HEED protocol in all experiments throughout the network. It can be easily observed form the figures that the percentage of improvement is almost the same when the number of the nodes increases. So, the proposed methods doesn’t affect by varying the number of sensors. Figure ‎4‑15: The energy consumption using different number of sensors for HND metric Figure ‎4‑16: The energy consumption using different number of sensors for LNA10% 4.4.5 Results Analysis In HEED protocol, each sensor gathers data and forwards it to its CH. CHs in turn aggregate data from sensors and transmit it to the base station which located far away from the surrounding area. CHs consume their energy during data aggregation from sensors, data compression per signal and forwarding them to the base station. Where ET is energy consumed for transmission of K bits for distance d, ER is energy consumed for receiving, Eelec is energy consumed by the sensor node circuit, Eamp is the energy consumed by amplifier and Efus is the energy consumed for data fusion. Our proposed technique focuses on data transmission between CHs and the base station. The energy consumed by CH to transmit data to the base station directly (EnDir) represents a certain percentage of the whole energy. This percentage differs according to many factors such as the base station location, number of sensors and etc. the energy consumed for direct data transmission is calculated as the following: EnDir = EnCH_to_BS EnCH_to_BS = The energy consumed to transmit data to the base station indirectly via anchor (EnIndir) is calculated as the following: EnIndir = EnCH_to_Anc + EnAnc_to_BS EnCH_to_Anc = (1) EnAnc_to_BS = + (2) Where n =2 if d 0 or n = 4 if d > d0. The energy of (1) is consumed for transmission data to the anchor by CH while the energy of (2) is consumed for receiving data from CH and forwarding it to the base station by anchor. In AD-HEED, CHs transmit the collected data to their anchors if EnDir > EnIndir and anchors in turn transmit data to the base station. Otherwise CHs transmit the gathered data to the base station directly. In N-HEED and in addition to AD-HEED, the current anchors transmit the gathered data to the next anchors if EnDir > EnIndir and the next anchors in turn transmit data to the base station. Otherwise the current anchors transmit the gathered data to the base station directly. Figure ‎4‑17shows the detailed description of how can transmitting data via anchors reduce the energy consumption. If we assume that the point a is the CH, d is the base station and b, c and e are hypothetical points that located in the CH’s transmission range which represented by a circle. The deployment field is 100m x 100m and the base station located away at (200, 200) m from the network field. The transmission range is 30 (cluster radius). ac = ab = 30. ad is the distance between CH and the base station while bd, cd and ed are the distances between the points b, c and e respectively and the base station. According to our proposed technique, CH selects the closest sensor to the base station to be its anchor and it should be closer than CH itself. Firstly, we assume that the distance between the base station (d) and point (c) is equal to the distance between the base station and CH (a). After that, we reduce the distance cd by moving the position of point c and calculate the energy consumed to transmit one byte from CH (a) to the base station directly (EnDir) and the energy consumed to transmit one byte from CH to the base station indirectly (EnIndir) via point (c). This operation repeats many times until EnDir > EnIndir. The same operations are conducted with point (b). After testing and calculation and by assuming that c, b and e are sensors, we get that cd and bd are the maximum distances while ed is the minimum distance in which sending data to the base station indirectly via sensors c, b or e consumes less energy than sending data directly from CH to the base station. Now, we can see that for any sensor located in the gray zone in the circle and has a distance to the base station less than the maximum distance, transmitting data from CH to the base station via any of these sensors will consume less energy than energy consumed by transmitting data from CH directly to the base station. Figure ‎4‑17: The mechanism of sending data via anchors Chapter Two: Conclusions and Future work 5.1 Conclusions In this research, we proposed an efficient mechanism for hierarchal protocols of wireless sensor networks which proved to be more efficient in the use of energy than HEED protocol in most cases. The main contribution is to allow CHs to transmit data by using other sensors called anchors as intermediates which are closer to the base station than CHs. Furthermore, this approach reduces the burden from the CHs which consume their energy by collecting data from sensors and forwarding them to the base station. The sensor which has the collected data compares between the energy consumed in case if it transmits data directly to the base station and if it transmits data indirectly to the base station via its anchor. After that, the sensor decided either to transmit data directly or via anchors to the base station base on way that consumes less energy. We compared and evaluated the proposed approach performance with the HEED protocol in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption. Simula tion results depict that the proposed methods which called AD-HEED and N-HEED perform better than HEED. The improvement percentage relies on the best choice of the distance between the CH and the anchor, the evaluation metrics and the properties of the wireless sensor network. This improvement is because of that the sensor consumes much less energy when they transmit data to sensor closer than another. We know that the CH consumes (k (Eelec + Eamp * dn)) J to transmit k-bit message to the base station. If the distance between CH and the base station less than threshold distance, the energy consumption equation is calculated by using distance to the power of 2 otherwise, to the power of 4. So, the energy consumption is decreased by using anchors which allow sensors to transmit data via short distances until all data received by the base station. According to simulation results, the distance between CH and the base station is very critical factor which effects on the network lifetime and energy consumption .Furthermore; we also conduct a performance evaluation between our proposed approach and HEED protocol by using different number of sensors and different locations of the base station. The simulation results show that the variation in the number of sensors doesn’t affect significantly on the percentage of improvement. The simulation results show also that the percentage of improvement decreases as the location of the base station was farther because the sensors consume more energy whenever transmitting data over long distances. 5.2 Future Work Though considerable effort has been made on this thesis, many ideas regarding the subject are still not investigated. This section outlines and presents some of our future plans to be conducted in order to improve this work. The choosing of anchors in our approach depended entirely on the distance between the sensors and the base station where CHs choose the closest sensor to the base station. We think to make the choosing of anchors more controlled by taking into account different conditions and other related parameters such as the residual energy, the positions of the nodes and the received signal strength. The collected data by sensors is transmitted by CHs to one base station. This assumption is similar to that in HEED protocol. For scenarios where there are more than one base station located in different locations, each CH should transmit data to the suitable base station. Thus, studying how our proposed approach behaves with these scenarios is a very good idea to be conducted for future work. Finally, the energy consumption and network lifetime are the only performance metrics that are used to evaluate our proposed approach. Using other performance metrics such as throughput, latency and packet delivery ratio to evaluate the proposed approach is a good idea to be conducted for future work.